By Gwen Anderson
“Water is the driving force of
all nature.” --Leonardo Da Vinci
This year's irrigation crew: Vicente (left) and Manuel M. (right) |
Here at Harmony Valley Farm, we
have two main ways to deliver water from its source to our crop fields:
subsurface and overhead. Subsurface, or
drip, as we call it, is when a small hose is buried in the ground under the
crop. This hose, called drip tape or
drip line, has tiny holes in it that allows water to be fed directly to the
roots of our crops. The other method, overhead
irrigation, is something most people are familiar with: sprinklers. We have two methods of using sprinklers,
either many small ones connected in a line or one very large one we call “the
gun,” which slowly pulls itself across the field with water pressure.
Drip line in our squash field. Richard dug it up a little bit so we could see it in action. |
Both types of
irrigation have their advantages and disadvantages. Vicente prefers the
drip tape because it is a onetime set up and stays with the crop for the whole
season. When it comes time to water the crops, you just hook up the pump,
check for leaks, and let it run. The
main disadvantage to this type of irrigation is that it is not reusable.
Every year, we need to purchase new drip line to replace what we used the year
before. Every spring, we bury the drip
lines in the fields where we will plant the crops we use it for, and we have to
pull it up at the end of harvest. If you watched the garlic field tour
video we posted to Facebook a few weeks back you saw some of our harvest crew
removing the drip tape from the soil as the lifter brought the garlic out of
the ground. Due to the onetime use
nature of drip tape, the price to use it to irrigate crops that are planted and
harvested once, like radishes and cilantro, would be high. Instead, we
save the drip tape for long season crops, like onions, garlic, peppers,
tomatoes, and potatoes.
There is also the
problem of leaks in the drip line. If the line isn’t buried deep enough,
or if a tractor gets off course even a fraction of an inch, the drip line can
get ripped by our cultivating equipment. While the pump is running,
Vicente checks the fields to make sure water is running through the whole drip
line. If there is a spot in the field
that isn’t getting water, it takes a little bit of detective work to find where
the water stops, sometimes just by digging up portions of the line.
Vicente says it is easier to find the leaks in beds that have plastic mulch on
them. This is because the drip line
isn't buried as deep as on a regular bed since we don’t have to use the
cultivation equipment on beds with plastic mulch. When the leaks are found, he cuts the ripped
section of the tape out and replaces it with a hard plastic coupler to
reconnect the two pieces of the spliced tape before burying the drip line
again. In recent years, we’ve been trying different techniques to
alleviate the problem of ripping the drip tape with the cultivators. Burying the drip tape deeper is one of those
measures. Another trial technique this
year has been planting cover crops in the wheel tracks of some of our fields
with drip tape in them. Not only does it
mean we don’t have to run the cultivators through those fields as often, but it
has the added benefit of more green, living plants sequestering carbon out of
the atmosphere. That is a win all around!
This years onion crop, with cover crops planted to reduce weeding needs and sequester carbon. |
Drip line is buried when the plastic mulch is laid. |
What do we use to
fertilize our fields? I could write a whole article on fertilizer alone,
so I’m just going to stick to a few highlights. Any of the fertilizer we
use with fertigation needs to be water soluble, or able to be dissolved in
water. There are two ways to do this: either have the fertilizer already
be liquid, or use a water soluble solution. The main fertilizers we use
for fertigation are either liquid fish and seaweed, or a fish powder. When the crops are starting to put on fruit,
we give them extra potassium, the mineral plants use to produce fruit. We
also provide our crops with a vast assortment of beneficial microbials and
other micro nutrients that do everything from promote total plant health to
deter pests.
Sprinklers running to sprout radish and cilantro seeds. |
Overhead irrigation,
or our sprinklers and “rain gun”, is mainly used to germinate seeds and when
the crops are small. This is the type of irrigation we use on our weekly
planted crops, like radishes, and crops with small seeds, like carrots.
To use the sprinklers, Vicente and the irrigation crew lay out aluminum pipe in
the field that needs to be watered.
These pipes are connected to a pump that has been placed in a water
source near the field, either the Bad Axe River, a creek, or the well at
our Hammel property. Once the field has been
watered for the appropriate amount of time, the pipes and pump are picked up
and either stored or moved to another field to start the process over again.
The rain gun works in
much the same way, except the pipes are not laid through the whole field.
Instead, the rain gun follows a thick, sturdy hose that needs to be laid out in
the field we want watered. Vicente uses a tractor to slowly pull the hose
through the field, with one of his irrigation crew members ready to radio him
when the hose is to the end so it doesn’t break. Once the hose is laid
and the gun is ready to use, the pump is turned on and the gun sprays water
over the field, slowly following the hose back to the pump. As the gun “walks” through the field, it
coils the hose back up on a reel so it is nice and tidy for the next time
Vicente and his team need to use it. This particular method of irrigation
is only used when the fields are very dry.
Luckily, we haven’t had to use the rain gun this year.
"Rain gun" being used in our kohlrabi field in 2017. |
The advantages of
overhead irrigation are reusability and portability. The aluminum pipes
are long lasting, thus we can use them season after season. Since the
pipes are also portable, we don’t need to worry about damage from our cultivation
equipment. However, that portability comes with its own challenges as
well. I mentioned earlier that Vicente
runs the water pumps for at least 7 hours, and may need to run it for as much
as 12 hours if the crop is very dry. That can make for a long day if the
pipes aren’t out first thing in the morning.
As leader of the irrigation team, it is Vicente’s responsibility to turn
off the pumps at the appropriate time and to check on them during the watering process.
It is a responsibility he takes seriously.
“Sometimes, when I’m finished for the day, and I’m tired and want to go
to bed, I can’t go to bed because I have a pump out there that I need to turn
off. I have to wait until the gun gets
to the reel and shut off the pump so things don’t get over watered.”
Over watering isn’t the
only reason to stay up and check your pumps, either. If the pump needs a
tractor to run it, you need to make sure it doesn’t develop a mechanical problem, or you
risk damaging the tractor. Also, if a hose comes loose and you don’t have
an automatic shut off switch installed, you could be pumping water directly
into the ground near the pump instead of through your field. “I’ve never
done it,” Farmer Richard told me, “but I’ve heard stories of if you didn’t get
up in the middle of the night and catch it, the next morning you’d have a hole
deep enough to fit two school buses in.”
Beautiful peppers from 2012, the fruit of the irrigation crew's dedication and effort. |
During a drought
year, like the one we had in 2012, that lack of sleep can really add up.
“You start doing that for about 6 days in a row and it gets old,” Farmer
Richard told me. Vicente and his crew
were working around the clock for two months to keep our crops watered and
healthy. “That was terrible,” Vicente admitted, but he was dedicated to
ensuring the crops were getting taken care of.
Farmer Andrea recalled one night that year the irrigation team was
having trouble getting a water pump started, and Vicente was exhausted.
She had told him to go home, but Vicente said “I can’t go home, I need to get
the water going.” After some
reassurance, Vicente took her advice.
“It was a very hard year,” Farmer Andrea stated. “He was up early shutting off pumps and
switching things over, because he had to in order to stay on top of the water
needs.”
However, the crops
were beautiful. Farmer Richard admitted to liking drought. “These
excess rains just promote disease like nobody’s business.” Even Vicente
said “we should have another year like that.”
In the end, the beautiful crops are what make all the work worth the
effort. It doesn’t have to be a drought year for the effects of ones
efforts to be seen, either. “When the
crop is good, and I know it is producing nice,” Vicente told me, “that is what
makes me feel good.”
An irrigation pump (right) connected to a water filter (left) running water to the drip line in our squash field. |
While both types of
irrigation have different uses, they do share some of the same
challenges. With either type of irrigation, we use water pumps to get the
water to where it needs to be. Vicente
is in charge of all of the equipment, and needs to ensure it is safely put away
when not in use. We do our best to keep an eye on the weather, but sometimes rain catches us off guard. If it rains a lot and we have left a pump at a site near the river, we just might loose the pump to the water.
Administratively, we
need permits from the Department of Natural Resources to pump the water to our
fields. The DNR assesses whether our water usage is going to have a
negative impact on other people who also use the waterways in question.
There are strict guidelines the DNR uses to ensure this, and if we are awarded
the permit, we are only allowed to pump the amount of water allocated on our
permit. Due to this, we have to report our water usage at the end of the
year. We lease land and use several
different water ways, so we have several different permits. The water usage reports are filed separately
for each permit. Vicente keeps records of where he pumps water, what kind
of irrigation he uses, and how long he runs it.
He then calculates the water usage and turns it in to me at the end of
the year. It is my responsibility to
enter the information into our records and file the reports with the DNR.
Vicente checking the sensor in the squash field. No need to turn the water on here! |
Due to the nature of
the sensors, we keep them where they are “planted” for the season. We do our
best to have a sensor in every field, especially in fields where we have drip
lines. While the tensiometer is an invaluable tool used for irrigation,
we sometimes have to just water the plants when they look thirsty. Vicente keeps a close eye on the crops that
don’t have sensors in them, and when they start showing signs that they are in
need of a drink, he and his crew set up the irrigation systems. Richard
says that generally, our crops need about an inch of water per week. “Are they going to die if 8 days go by and
they haven’t had an inch [of water]? No,
but they might stop growing.”
2018 Sweet Potato Crop, which Vicente stated he was very proud of due to the excellent production we had. |
Luckily, here in
Wisconsin, there isn’t a great need for irrigation like in some of the other arid
states. Mostly, we use irrigation to promote consistent growth in our
crops and to germinate seeds. “We don’t
want to baby our crops too much,” Richard stated. “If you continuously
water one or more times a week they tend to have shallow roots, so when it
does get dry they are not prepared for it.”
In the end, you see the literal fruits of the irrigation team’s labor in
your CSA boxes every week. Vicente and everyone here on the farm work
hard to make sure you get the best tasting, nutritionally dense produce we can
offer. It is a job everyone is proud of. I think Richard summed it up best when he
told me “there is some nervousness around irrigation, but when it works, it is
wonderful. Our crops just grow like crazy.”
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